Ketone na esters byombi ni bibiri mumatsinda yingenzi akora muri chimie organic. Baboneka mubintu byinshi bitandukanye byingirakamaro kandi bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byinshi byibinyabuzima na shimi. Nubwo bisa, ibiranga imyitwarire yabo biratandukanye. Reka dusuzume icyo ketone na esters aribyo, uko bitandukanye, uko bisa, nicyo bivuze muri chimie na biologiya.
Ketone ni urwego rwibintu kama birimo karubone ikora (C = O) hagati ya molekile. Ketone ifite alkyl ebyiri cyangwa aryl zifatanije na karubone. Byoroshye muribi ni acetone, ifite formula (CH3) 2CO. Byakozwe no kumena ibinure mumubiri. Bizwi kandi nk'umubiri wa ketone, ketone ni imiti ikorwa mugihe umubiri wawe utangiye kumena ibinure aho kuba karubone yingufu.
Ketone ikomoka kuri aside irike mu mwijima ikarekurwa mu maraso, aho ishobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko y'ingirabuzimafatizo z'umubiri n'ingingo z'umubiri. Iyo umubiri uri muri ketose, yishingikiriza kuri ketone nkisoko yambere yibitoro, aho kuba glucose, niyo mpamvu indyo ya ketogenique yamenyekanye cyane mumyaka yashize. Nyamara, ketone ntabwo ikorwa gusa mugihe cyo kwiyiriza ubusa cyangwa indyo ya ketogenique. Zishobora kandi kubyara igihe umubiri uhangayitse, nko mugihe cyimyitozo ikaze, cyangwa mugihe habuze insuline mumubiri, zishobora kubaho kubantu barwaye diyabete.
Ketone eshatu zikorwa mugihe cya ketose: acetone, acetoacetate, na beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Muri byo, acetone ni ketone isohoka mu mubiri binyuze mu guhumeka, itanga imbuto cyangwa impumuro nziza mu mwuka, bakunze kwita "guhumeka keto". Iki gishobora kuba ikimenyetso cyuko umubiri wawe winjiye muri ketose. Acetoacetate, indi ketone, ikorwa mu mwijima kandi ikoreshwa na selile z'umubiri mu mbaraga. Ariko, ihinduka kandi muri BHB, ubwoko bwa ketone ikunze kugaragara mumaraso mugihe cya ketose. BHB irashobora kurenga byoroshye inzitizi yubwonko bwamaraso, bityo igaha imbaraga ubwonko kandi irashobora kunoza imitekerereze no kwibanda.
Esters ni organic organic hamwe na RCOOR 'imikorere, aho R na R' nitsinda iryo ariryo ryose. Esters ikorwa mugihe acide karubike na alcool ikora mubihe bya acide kandi ikuraho molekile y'amazi. Bikunze kuboneka mumavuta yingenzi n'imbuto nyinshi. Kurugero, impumuro mubitoki byeze biva muri ester yitwa isoamyl acetate.Esters ifite imitungo idasanzwe ituma iba iyagaciro mubikorwa bitandukanye.
1. Impumuro nziza
Bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane muri esters ni impumuro nziza na parufe kubera uburyohe, imbuto n'impumuro nziza, kandi bifasha no kuzamura impumuro nziza yibicuruzwa, bigatuma bikurura abakoresha.
2. Uburyohe bwibiryo
Imiterere yihariye ya chimique ya esters ibemerera gutanga imbuto nimpumuro nziza yindabyo, bityo est est ikoreshwa no mubiribwa, cyane cyane muburyohe. Bikunze kugaragara mubiribwa byinshi birimo ibirungo, ibicuruzwa bitetse n'ibinyobwa. Mubuzima bwa buri munsi, esters yakoreshejwe mugukora uburyohe bwa artificiel kandi yabaye ibintu byibanze mubiribwa byinshi.
3. Plastike
Nka plasitike, esters ituma plastiki ihinduka kandi ikaramba. Ester rero ikoreshwa mugukora plastike zitandukanye, kandi zifasha no gukumira plastike gucika intege mugihe runaka. Ibi nibyingenzi kubicuruzwa biramba nkibikoresho byimodoka cyangwa ibikoresho byubuvuzi.
4. Umuti
Kuberako esters irashobora gushonga ibintu kama nkamavuta, resin hamwe namavuta. Kubwibyo, esters ni ingirakamaro mu nganda nyinshi nkumuti wo gushonga ibindi bintu. Esters ni umusemburo mwiza, utuma ugira akamaro mugukora amarangi, amarangi hamwe nugufata.
Mugereranije ketone na esters, dushobora gusanga itandukaniro riri hagati ya ketone na esters ahanini mubice bikurikira:
1. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati ya ketone na esters ni muburyo bwimiti. Itsinda rya karubone ya ketone iherereye hagati yumunyururu wa karubone, mugihe itsinda rya karubone ya esters iherereye kumpera yumunyururu wa karubone. Itandukaniro ryimiterere riganisha kubitandukanya mumiterere yumubiri na chimique.
●Ketone ni ibinyabuzima bifite itsinda rya karubone igizwe na atome ya ogisijeni ihujwe na atome ya karubone iri hagati yumunyururu wa karubone. Imiti yimiti ni R-CO-R ', aho R na R' ari alkyl cyangwa aryl. Ketone ikorwa na okiside ya alcool ya kabiri cyangwa clavage ya acide karubike. Banyuramo kandi keto-enol tautomerism, bivuze ko ishobora kubaho muburyo bwa ketone na enol. Ketone isanzwe ikoreshwa mugukora ibishishwa, ibikoresho bya polymer na farumasi.
●Esters ni ibinyabuzima bifite itsinda rya karubone kurangiza urunigi rwa karubone hamwe nitsinda R ryometse kuri atome ya ogisijeni. Imiti yimiti ni R-COOR ', aho R na R' alkyl cyangwa aryl. Esters ikorwa nigisubizo cya acide karubike ya acide hamwe na alcool imbere ya catalizator. Bafite impumuro nziza kandi ikoreshwa kenshi mugukora parufe, essence hamwe na plastike.
2.Itandukaniro rigaragara cyane hagati ya ketone na esters ni ingingo yabo. Ingingo yo guteka ya ketone irarenze iyo ester kuko ifite imbaraga zikomeye za intermolecular. Itsinda rya karubone muri ketone irashobora gukora imigozi ya hydrogène hamwe na molekile ya ketone iri hafi, bikavamo imbaraga zikomeye za intermolecular. Ibinyuranye na byo, esters ifite imbaraga nke za intermolecular bitewe nubushobozi buke bwa atome ya ogisijeni mu itsinda R idashobora guhuza hydrogène na molekile ya ester iri hafi.
3.Mubyongeyeho, reaction ya ketone na esters iratandukanye. Bitewe no kuba hari amatsinda abiri ya alkyl cyangwa aryl kumpande zombi zitsinda rya karubone, ketone irakora cyane kuruta esters. Aya matsinda arashobora gutanga electron kuri karubone, bigatuma ishobora kwibasirwa nucleophilique. Ibinyuranye, esters ntigikora cyane kuberako hariho itsinda rya alkyl cyangwa aryl kuri atome ya ogisijeni. Iri tsinda rishobora gutanga electron kuri atome ya ogisijeni, bigatuma idashobora kwibasirwa na nucleophilique.
4. Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye, ingingo zitetse hamwe nubushake bwa ketone na esters, itandukaniro mubyo bakoresha ryaragenwe. Ketone ikoreshwa kenshi mugukora ibishishwa, ibikoresho bya polymer nibiyobyabwenge, mugihe est est ikoreshwa mugukora impumuro nziza, flavours na plastike. Ketone ikoreshwa kandi nk'inyongeramusaruro muri lisansi, naho esters ikoreshwa nk'amavuta mu mashini.
Tumaze kumenya ibisobanuro bya ketone na esters, none ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya ketone, esters na ether?
Mbere ya byose, dukeneye kumenya ether icyo aricyo? ether irimo atome ya ogisijeni ihujwe na atome ebyiri za karubone. Nibintu bizwiho ibiyobyabwenge. ether mubusanzwe idafite ibara, idafite ubucucike burenze amazi, kandi ni umusemburo mwiza kubindi bikoresho kama nkamavuta namavuta. Zikoreshwa kandi nk'inyongeramusaruro muri moteri ya lisansi kugirango tunoze imikorere ya moteri.
Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa imiterere yimiti nikoreshwa ryibi bitatu, dushobora kumenya neza ko itandukaniro riri hagati ya ketone, esters na ether harimo ibintu bibiri bikurikira:
1. Imwe mubitandukaniro bigaragara cyane dushobora kubona hagati ya ketone, esters, na ether nitsinda ryabo rikora. Ketone irimo amatsinda ya karubone, esters irimo ester-COO- ihuza, na ether ntabwo irimo amatsinda akora. Ketone na esters basangiye bimwe mubintu byimiti. Ibyo bikoresho byombi ni polar kandi birashobora gukora hydrogène hamwe nizindi molekile, ariko imigozi ya hydrogène muri ketone irakomeye kuruta iyo muri esters, bikavamo ingingo nyinshi.
2.Irindi tandukaniro ryingenzi nuko batatu bafite imikoreshereze itandukanye
(1)Bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane muri ketone ni nk'umuti wa resin, ibishashara, n'amavuta. Zikoreshwa kandi mu gukora imiti myiza, imiti n’ubuhinzi. Ketone nka acetone ikoreshwa mugukora plastike, fibre hamwe n amarangi.
(2)Esters ikunze gukoreshwa mubiribwa no kwisiga kugirango babe impumuro nziza. Zikoreshwa kandi nk'umuti wa wino, langi na polymers. Esters nayo ikoreshwa mugukora resin, plasitike na surfactants.
(3)ether ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha bitewe nimiterere yihariye. Zikoreshwa nk'umuti, anesthetike na surfactants, nibindi. Mu nganda z’ubuhinzi, zikoreshwa nka fumigants kugirango zirinde ibihingwa bibitswe nudukoko nudukoko twangiza. ether ikoreshwa kandi mugukora epoxy resin, ibifata nibikoresho byambarwa.
Ketone na esters bifite porogaramu nyinshi muri chimie organic kandi byubaka inzira zinganda nyinshi. Kurugero, ketone ikoreshwa nkumuti, mugukora imiti na polymers. Ku rundi ruhande, Esters, ikoreshwa mu nganda za parufe no kwisiga, nk'ibikoresho bihumura mu nganda y'ibiribwa, nk'umuti, ndetse no mu marangi no gutwikira.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-14-2023
